ORTHOPTEROIDEA FAUNA OF LESOTHO
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Feb 26, 2024
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Abstract
In total, 134 species in 110 genera and 20 families of the former cohort ‘Orthopteroidea’ were recorded in Lesotho. All records (localities, data of collection, information source) in Lesotho are listed for each species. In southern Africa, the numbers are higher by an order of magnitude, which may indicate how much of the Lesotho fauna is unrecorded. The most speciose order of ‘Orthopteroidea’ in Lesotho is Orthoptera (93 species within 77 genera), and the most speciose family within this order is Acrididae (62 species within 45 genera). All families of ‘Orthopteroidea’ recorded in southern Africa are listed, and the number of species and genera are given separately for the whole subcontinent and Lesotho to elucidate how much is known about Lesotho fauna. At least 10 species of ‘Orthopteroidea’ are endemic to Lesotho: Hyposphaeria guillarmodi, Oxypilus inscriptus, Conocephalus basutoanus, Gymnogryllus politus, Basutacris inflatifrons, Eremidium basutho, Qachas fastigiata, Sphingonotus basutensis, Xiphocera fissa, and Brachyphymus basuto.
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Kopij, G. (2024). ORTHOPTEROIDEA FAUNA OF LESOTHO. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 29(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10708111
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Copyright: © 2019 The ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SERBIA Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
References
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Anon, (2015). Biodiversity Explorer. The web life in southern Africa. Izisko Museum of Africa, Pretoria. Retrieved from: http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/orthoptera/tettigoniidae/conocephalus.htm. [Accessed on 10.03.2023].
Anon, (2022). A catalogue of South African insects. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Retrieved from: https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/resources/martin/termopsidae.html.
Beccaloni, G. W. (2014). Cockroach Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved from: http://Cockroach.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed 11 March 2022].
Beier, M. (1955). Mantidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. (Eds.) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 2, 234-265.
Belovsky, G. E. & Slade, J. B. (1993). The role of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a grasshopper community. Oikos, 68, 193-201.
Brock, P. D., Büscher, T. & Baker, E. (2022). Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved from: http://Phasmida.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed on 10.03.2023].
Brown, H. D. (1962). New and interesting grasshoppers from southern Africa. 2. Journal of Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 25, 3-19.
Chapman, R. F. & Joern, A. (Eds.) (1990). Biology of grasshoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Chopard, L. (1955). South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 2, 269.
Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2018). Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0. [1/8/2018]. Retrieved from: http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed on 10.12.2023].
Devriese, H. (1999). Revision des Xererophyllini d’Afrique (Orthoptera Tetrigidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 1, 21-99.
Devriese H., Nguyenm, E. & Husemann, M. (2023). An identification key to the genera and species of Afrotropical Tetrigini (genera Paratettix, Leptacrydium, Hedotettix, Rectitettix nov. gen., and Alienitettix nov. gen.) with general remarks on the taxonomy of Tetrigini (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 5285(3), 511-556.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965). Revision of the family Pneumoridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 15, 325-396.
Dirsh, V. M. (1951[1950]). Revision of the group Truxales (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Eos, Revista española de Entomología. Tomo Extra, 119-247.
Dirsh, V. M. (1953). New and little-known South African Acrididae. Annales & Magazine of Natural History, 12(6), 375-381.
Dirsh, V. M. (1956). In Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 3, 121-272.
Dirsh, V. M. (1958). Revision of the group Portheti (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Eos, Revista española de Entomología, 34, 299-400.
Dirsh, V. M. (1961). A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera, Insecta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 10, 351-419.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965a). The African genera of Acridoidea. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965b). Revision of the family Pneumoridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 15, 325-396.
Gandar, M. V. (1982). The dynamics and trophic ecology of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in a South African savanna. Oecologia. 54, 370-378.
Gangwere, S. K., Muralirangan, M. C. & Muralirangan M. (eds.) (1997). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin. CAB International, New York.
Graham, M. W. R. de V. (1979). “Ambulator”: Francis Walker, English Entomologist (1809–1874). Entomologist’s Gazette, 30, 7-20.
Green, S. V. (1998). Revision of the African grasshopper genus Parepistaurus Karsch 1896 (Orthoptera Acrididae Coptacridinae), Tropical Zoology, 11(2), 259-332.
Grunshaw, J. P. (1995). The taxonomy of Tylotropidius Ståi 1873 and related genera (Orthoptera Acrididae Eyprepocnemidinae). Tropical Zoology, 8(2), 401-433.
Hincks, W. D. (1957). Dermaptera. In: Hanstrom, Brinck & Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 4, 33-94.
Holier, J. (2012). An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Part 3: The Acridoidea excluding the Acrididae: Oedipodinae. Revue Suisse Zoologie, 119, 303-339.
Jago, N. D. (1994). Review of the African Genera Catantops Schaum 1853, Hadrolecocatantops Jago 1984, and Vitticatantops Sjostedt 1931 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 69-85.
Jago, N. D. (1971). A Review of the Gomphocerinae of the World with a Key to the Genera (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 205-343.
Joern, A., Danner, B. J., Logan, J. D. & Wolesensky, W. (2006). Natural history of mass-action in predator-prey models: a case study from wolf spiders and grasshoppers. American Midland Naturalist, 156, 52-62.
Johnston, H. B. (1956). Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers. Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Johnston, H. B. (1968). Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers: Vol. Suppl. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kevan, D. K. (1956). Flightless African genera of pyrgomorphine grasshoppers allied, or superficially similar, to Parasphena I. Bolivar, 1884, and Pyrgomorphella I. Bolivar, 1904, with description of certain new forms. Publicações Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamant. Angola), 29,109-133.
Kevan, D. K. & Hsiung, C.-C. (1985). The tropical and southern African species of Pyrgomorpha Audinet-Serville, 1838, other than P. conica – group (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphiodae). Journal of Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 48, 49-102.
Kopij, G. (2000). Catalagus Faunae Invertebratae Lesotho. Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma (Lesotho).
Kopij, G. (2006). Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 49B (1/2): 137-180.
Massa, B. (2017) Revision of the tropical African genus Tetraconcha (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) with the description of ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 26(2): 211-232.
Mbata, K. J. (2018). Annotated checklist of cockroaches and termites of Zambia (Arthropoda: Insecta; Blattodea). In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions; pp. 404-415. In: Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N. (eds.). Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek.
Mitchell, J. E. & Pfadt, R. E. (1974). The role of grasshoppers in a short-grass prairie ecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 3, 358–360.
Mungai, M. N. (1992). Revision of the Old World grasshopper genus Chondracris Uvarov 1923 (Orthoptera Acrididae Cyrtacanthacridinae), with description of a new genus. Tropical Zoology, 5, 255-277.
Naskrecki, P. (1994). The Mecopodinae of southern Africa (Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae). Journal of African Zoology, 108, 279-320.
Naskrecki, P. (1996). Systematics of southern African Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Journal of African Zoology, 110, 159-193.
Naskrecki, P., Bazeleta, C. S. (2009). Species radiation among South African flightless spring katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Brinckiella Chopard). Zootaxa 2056, 46-62.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S. (2011). A revision of the South African katydid genus Austrodontura Fontana & Buzzetti (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Zootaxa 2873, 51-59.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S. (2012). A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). Zootaxa, 3218, 47-58.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S., Spearman, L. A. (2009). New species of flightless katydids from South Africa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae). Zootaxa, 1933, 1-32.
Otte, D. (1995a). Orthoptera Species File. 4. Grasshoppers (Acridomorpha) C. Acridoidea (part). Orthopterists’ Soc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
Otte, D. (1995b). Orthoptera Species File. 5. Grasshoppers (Acridomopha) D. Acridoidea (part). Orthopterists' Soc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia.
Otte, D. (2015). Revision of the genus Eremidium Karsch with descriptions of sixteen new species (Acridoidea: Lentulidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 141(3), 499–544.
Otte, D. & Armstrong, A.J. (2017) Additional Eremidium species from Eastern Cape Province and KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa and a new genus, Zulutettix (Acridoidea: Lentulidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 143(2), 305-433.
Petel, S., Singh, R. (2016). Updated Checklist and Distribution of Mantidae (Mantodea: Insecta) of the World. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology, 2(1), 17-54.
Popov, G. B., Fishpool, L. D. C. & Rowell, C. H. (2019). A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera; Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 28, 37-105.
Pricker, M., Griffiths, C. & Weaving, A. (2002). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Stuik Publishers, Cape Town.
Princis, K. (1963). Blattariae. In: In Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 9, 9-318.
Samways, M. J. & Sergeev M. G. (1997). Orthoptera and landscape change, pp. 147-162. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan & Muralirangan M. (eds.): The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
Scholtz, C. & Holm, E. (1985). Insects of southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban.
Song, H., Marino-Perez, R., Woller, D. A. & Cagliano, M. M. 2018. Evolution, diversification, and biogeography of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Insect Systematics & Diversity, 2(4), 1-25.
Stevens, D. M. & Picker, M. D. (1995). The Notonemouridae (Plecoptera) of southern Africa: description of a new genus, Balinskycercella, and a key to genera. African Entomology, 3, 77-83.
Townsend, B. C. (1983). A revision of the Afrotropical mole-crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Bulletin of British Museum (Natural History), 46, 175-203.
Uvarov, B.P. (1922). Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 2. The group of Calliptamini. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 48, 117-177.
Uvarov, B. P. (1966). Grasshoppers and Locusts, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Uvarov, B. P. (1977). Grasshoppers and Locusts, vol. 2. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.
von Wattenwyl, B. C. (1878). In Monographie der Phaneropteriden. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien, Wien. 1-401.
Walker, F. (1870). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum; part 3, 485-594. British Museum, London.
Walker, F. (1870a). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. London. Vol. 4, 605-809.
Anon, (2015). Biodiversity Explorer. The web life in southern Africa. Izisko Museum of Africa, Pretoria. Retrieved from: http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/orthoptera/tettigoniidae/conocephalus.htm. [Accessed on 10.03.2023].
Anon, (2022). A catalogue of South African insects. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Retrieved from: https://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/resources/martin/termopsidae.html.
Beccaloni, G. W. (2014). Cockroach Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved from: http://Cockroach.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed 11 March 2022].
Beier, M. (1955). Mantidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. (Eds.) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 2, 234-265.
Belovsky, G. E. & Slade, J. B. (1993). The role of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a grasshopper community. Oikos, 68, 193-201.
Brock, P. D., Büscher, T. & Baker, E. (2022). Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved from: http://Phasmida.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed on 10.03.2023].
Brown, H. D. (1962). New and interesting grasshoppers from southern Africa. 2. Journal of Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 25, 3-19.
Chapman, R. F. & Joern, A. (Eds.) (1990). Biology of grasshoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Chopard, L. (1955). South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 2, 269.
Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2018). Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0. [1/8/2018]. Retrieved from: http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org. [Accessed on 10.12.2023].
Devriese, H. (1999). Revision des Xererophyllini d’Afrique (Orthoptera Tetrigidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 1, 21-99.
Devriese H., Nguyenm, E. & Husemann, M. (2023). An identification key to the genera and species of Afrotropical Tetrigini (genera Paratettix, Leptacrydium, Hedotettix, Rectitettix nov. gen., and Alienitettix nov. gen.) with general remarks on the taxonomy of Tetrigini (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 5285(3), 511-556.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965). Revision of the family Pneumoridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 15, 325-396.
Dirsh, V. M. (1951[1950]). Revision of the group Truxales (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Eos, Revista española de Entomología. Tomo Extra, 119-247.
Dirsh, V. M. (1953). New and little-known South African Acrididae. Annales & Magazine of Natural History, 12(6), 375-381.
Dirsh, V. M. (1956). In Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 3, 121-272.
Dirsh, V. M. (1958). Revision of the group Portheti (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Eos, Revista española de Entomología, 34, 299-400.
Dirsh, V. M. (1961). A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera, Insecta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 10, 351-419.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965a). The African genera of Acridoidea. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Dirsh, V. M. (1965b). Revision of the family Pneumoridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 15, 325-396.
Gandar, M. V. (1982). The dynamics and trophic ecology of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in a South African savanna. Oecologia. 54, 370-378.
Gangwere, S. K., Muralirangan, M. C. & Muralirangan M. (eds.) (1997). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin. CAB International, New York.
Graham, M. W. R. de V. (1979). “Ambulator”: Francis Walker, English Entomologist (1809–1874). Entomologist’s Gazette, 30, 7-20.
Green, S. V. (1998). Revision of the African grasshopper genus Parepistaurus Karsch 1896 (Orthoptera Acrididae Coptacridinae), Tropical Zoology, 11(2), 259-332.
Grunshaw, J. P. (1995). The taxonomy of Tylotropidius Ståi 1873 and related genera (Orthoptera Acrididae Eyprepocnemidinae). Tropical Zoology, 8(2), 401-433.
Hincks, W. D. (1957). Dermaptera. In: Hanstrom, Brinck & Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 4, 33-94.
Holier, J. (2012). An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Part 3: The Acridoidea excluding the Acrididae: Oedipodinae. Revue Suisse Zoologie, 119, 303-339.
Jago, N. D. (1994). Review of the African Genera Catantops Schaum 1853, Hadrolecocatantops Jago 1984, and Vitticatantops Sjostedt 1931 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 69-85.
Jago, N. D. (1971). A Review of the Gomphocerinae of the World with a Key to the Genera (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 123, 205-343.
Joern, A., Danner, B. J., Logan, J. D. & Wolesensky, W. (2006). Natural history of mass-action in predator-prey models: a case study from wolf spiders and grasshoppers. American Midland Naturalist, 156, 52-62.
Johnston, H. B. (1956). Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers. Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Johnston, H. B. (1968). Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers: Vol. Suppl. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kevan, D. K. (1956). Flightless African genera of pyrgomorphine grasshoppers allied, or superficially similar, to Parasphena I. Bolivar, 1884, and Pyrgomorphella I. Bolivar, 1904, with description of certain new forms. Publicações Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamant. Angola), 29,109-133.
Kevan, D. K. & Hsiung, C.-C. (1985). The tropical and southern African species of Pyrgomorpha Audinet-Serville, 1838, other than P. conica – group (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphiodae). Journal of Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 48, 49-102.
Kopij, G. (2000). Catalagus Faunae Invertebratae Lesotho. Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma (Lesotho).
Kopij, G. (2006). Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 49B (1/2): 137-180.
Massa, B. (2017) Revision of the tropical African genus Tetraconcha (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) with the description of ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 26(2): 211-232.
Mbata, K. J. (2018). Annotated checklist of cockroaches and termites of Zambia (Arthropoda: Insecta; Blattodea). In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions; pp. 404-415. In: Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N. (eds.). Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek.
Mitchell, J. E. & Pfadt, R. E. (1974). The role of grasshoppers in a short-grass prairie ecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 3, 358–360.
Mungai, M. N. (1992). Revision of the Old World grasshopper genus Chondracris Uvarov 1923 (Orthoptera Acrididae Cyrtacanthacridinae), with description of a new genus. Tropical Zoology, 5, 255-277.
Naskrecki, P. (1994). The Mecopodinae of southern Africa (Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae). Journal of African Zoology, 108, 279-320.
Naskrecki, P. (1996). Systematics of southern African Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Journal of African Zoology, 110, 159-193.
Naskrecki, P., Bazeleta, C. S. (2009). Species radiation among South African flightless spring katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Brinckiella Chopard). Zootaxa 2056, 46-62.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S. (2011). A revision of the South African katydid genus Austrodontura Fontana & Buzzetti (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Zootaxa 2873, 51-59.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S. (2012). A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). Zootaxa, 3218, 47-58.
Naskrecki, P., Bazelet, C. S., Spearman, L. A. (2009). New species of flightless katydids from South Africa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae). Zootaxa, 1933, 1-32.
Otte, D. (1995a). Orthoptera Species File. 4. Grasshoppers (Acridomorpha) C. Acridoidea (part). Orthopterists’ Soc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
Otte, D. (1995b). Orthoptera Species File. 5. Grasshoppers (Acridomopha) D. Acridoidea (part). Orthopterists' Soc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia.
Otte, D. (2015). Revision of the genus Eremidium Karsch with descriptions of sixteen new species (Acridoidea: Lentulidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 141(3), 499–544.
Otte, D. & Armstrong, A.J. (2017) Additional Eremidium species from Eastern Cape Province and KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa and a new genus, Zulutettix (Acridoidea: Lentulidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 143(2), 305-433.
Petel, S., Singh, R. (2016). Updated Checklist and Distribution of Mantidae (Mantodea: Insecta) of the World. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology, 2(1), 17-54.
Popov, G. B., Fishpool, L. D. C. & Rowell, C. H. (2019). A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera; Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 28, 37-105.
Pricker, M., Griffiths, C. & Weaving, A. (2002). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Stuik Publishers, Cape Town.
Princis, K. (1963). Blattariae. In: In Hanstrom, B., Brinck, B. & Rudebeck, G. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-1951, 9, 9-318.
Samways, M. J. & Sergeev M. G. (1997). Orthoptera and landscape change, pp. 147-162. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan & Muralirangan M. (eds.): The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
Scholtz, C. & Holm, E. (1985). Insects of southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban.
Song, H., Marino-Perez, R., Woller, D. A. & Cagliano, M. M. 2018. Evolution, diversification, and biogeography of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Insect Systematics & Diversity, 2(4), 1-25.
Stevens, D. M. & Picker, M. D. (1995). The Notonemouridae (Plecoptera) of southern Africa: description of a new genus, Balinskycercella, and a key to genera. African Entomology, 3, 77-83.
Townsend, B. C. (1983). A revision of the Afrotropical mole-crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Bulletin of British Museum (Natural History), 46, 175-203.
Uvarov, B.P. (1922). Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum. 2. The group of Calliptamini. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 48, 117-177.
Uvarov, B. P. (1966). Grasshoppers and Locusts, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Uvarov, B. P. (1977). Grasshoppers and Locusts, vol. 2. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.
von Wattenwyl, B. C. (1878). In Monographie der Phaneropteriden. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien, Wien. 1-401.
Walker, F. (1870). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum; part 3, 485-594. British Museum, London.
Walker, F. (1870a). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. London. Vol. 4, 605-809.