DETECTION OF YELLOW FEVER AND DENGUE VIRUSES IN MOSQUITOES BETWEEN 2014 AND 2015 IN BAYELSA AND BENUE STATES OF NIGERIA
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Jul 11, 2019
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Abstract
Dengue (DEN) and yellow fever (YF) outbreaks have been previously reported in Nigeria. In order to avoid another epidemic, the identification of the vectors of these viruses at different locations is a necessity. Female adult mosquitoes caught in and around human dwellings in the Benue and Bayelsa States, Nigeria, using human-baiting and spray-sheet methods between January 2014 and December 2015, were examined for YF and DEN viruses usingreverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).In total 172,010 adult female mosquitoes were identified, put into 9,110 pools of mosquitoes and tested for YF and DEN viruses. The hourly biting activities, true infection rate (TIR) and the density of infected mosquitoes (DIM) were estimated for the species positive to YF and DEN viruses. Among twelve identified species – Aedes luteocephalus (Newstead, 1907), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), Ae. cumminsii Theobald, 1903, Ae. africanus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902), A. nili Theobald, 1904, Mansonia africana (Theobald, 1901), M. uniformis (Theobald, 1901), Culex annulioris (Theobald,1901) and C. quinquefasciatus (Say,1823), three mosquito species, Ae. luteocephalus, Ae. aegypti and A. gambiae, were positive for YF in Oju and Ega, while DENV-3 was detected in samples of M. africana from Ikarama. The biting patterns of these positive mosquito species showed both day and night activities, except the population of A. gambiae from Ega, which typically demonstrated nocturnal activity extended until dawn/early morning hours. Ae. aegypti, A. gambiaeand Ae. luteocephalus could represent the primary vectors of YF in the Benue and Bayelsa States. The role of M. africana in transmitting DENV-3 also requires immediate investigation.
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Agwu, J., Clement, I., & Igbinosa, I. (2019). DETECTION OF YELLOW FEVER AND DENGUE VIRUSES IN MOSQUITOES BETWEEN 2014 AND 2015 IN BAYELSA AND BENUE STATES OF NIGERIA. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 24(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3329978
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Copyright: © 2019 The ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SERBIA Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
References
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Bustamante, M. D., & Lord, C. C. (2010). Sources of error in the estimation of mosquito infection rates used to assess risk of arbovirus transmission. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 1172-1184.
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Bronzoni, R. V., Baleotti, F. G., Nogueira, R. M. R., Nunes, M., & Figueiredo, L. T. M. (2005). Duplex Reverse Transcription-PCR followed by nested PCR Assays for Detection and Identification of Brazilian Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(2),696-702.
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Ezenwa, V. O., Godsey, M. S., King, R. J., & Guptil, C. (2006). Avian density and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. Proceedings of the Biological Society, 273, 109-117.
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Frank, B. (2004). Minimum infection rates. A tool for using mosquito trap catches to predict human disease incidence. Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/edc/edrp/es/pdf/billfrankminimuminfetionrates.pdf.
Fulep, L., Barret, A. D. T., Phillpots, R., Martin, K., Lesslie, D., & Titball, R. W. (1993). Rapid Identification of flaviviruses based on conserved NS5 gene sequences. Virological Methods, 44, 179-188.
Gillet, J. D. (1972). Common Africa mosquitoes and their medical importance. Wilem Heimann Medical Books Ltd, London, 7-33.
Gu, W., Unnasch, T. R., Katholi, C. R., Lampman, R., & Novak, R. J. (2008). Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arbovirus transmission. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102, 817-822.
Gubler, D.J. & Clark, G.G. (1995). Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of global health problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1, 55-57.
Guzman, M. G., Halstead, S. B., Artsob, H., Buchy, P., Farrar, J., Gubler, D. J., Hunsperger, E., Axel Kroeger, A., Margolis, H. S., Martínez, E., Nathan, M. B., Pelegrino, J. L, Simmons, C., Sutee Yoksan, S., & Peeling, R. W. (2010). Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, S7-S16.
Keene, K. M., Foy, B. D., Sanchez-Vargas, I., Beaty, B. J., Blair, C. D., & Olson, K. E. (2004). RNA Interference acts as a neutral antiviral response to O’nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA,101, 17240-17245.
Korgaonkar, N. S., Kumar, A., Yadav, S. R., Kabadi, D., & Dash, A. P. (2012). Mosquito biting activity on humans and detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi in Goa, India. Indian Journal of medical Research, 135,120-126.
Lanciotti, R. S., Calisher, C. H., Gubler, D. J., Chang, G. J., & Vorndam, A. V. (1992). Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Microbiology, 30, 545-551.
Lee, V. H., & Moore, D. L. (1972). Vectors of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Bull. World Health Organization, 46, 669-673.
Lutomiah, J., Musila, L., Makio, A., Caroline, O., Koka, H., Chepkorir, E., Mutisiya, J., & Mulwa, F. (2011). Species to transmit West Nile Virus under laboratory conditions. Journal of Medical Entomology, 48, 1197-1201.
McCall, P. J., & Lehard, A. (2008). Dengue control. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 8, 7-9.
Messer, W. B., Gubler, J. D., Harris, E., Sivananthan, K., & de Silva, A. M. (2003). Emergence and global spread of a dengue serotype 3, subtype III virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 800-809.
Monath, T. P., Wilson, D. C., Lee, V. H., Stroh, G., Lee, V. H., & Smith, E. A. (1973). The 1970 yellow fever epidemic in Okwoga District, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 49, 123-126.
Nasidi, A., Monath, T. P., De Cock, K., Tomori, O., Cordellier, R., Olaleye, O. D., Hary, T. O., Adeniyi, J. A., Sorungbe, A. O., Ajose-Coker, A. O., van Der Laan, & Oyediran, A. B. O. (1989).Urban Yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83,401-406.
Normile, D. (2013). Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts. Science, 342, 415.
Oyero, O. G., & Ayukekbong, J. A. (2014). High dengue NS1 antigenemia in febrile patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Virus Research, 191, 59-61.
Service, M. W. (1976). Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods 2nd edition. Vector Biology and Control, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Liverpool, UK.
Vanlandingham, D. L., Tsetsarkin, K., Klinger, K. A., Hong, C., Mc Elroy, K. L., Lehane, M., & Higgs, S. (2006). Determinants of vectors specificity of o’nyongnyong and Chikungunya viruses in Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 663-669.
Vasilakis, N., Holmes, E. C., Fokam, E. B., Faye, O., Diallo, M., Sall, A. A., & Weaver, S. C. (2007). Evolutionary processes among sylvatic dengue-2 viruses. Journal of Virology, 81, 9591-9595.
Vasilakis, N., Tesh, R. B., & Weaver, S. C. (2008). Sylvatic dengue virus type 2 activity in humans, Nigeria, 1966. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14,502-504.
Webber, R, (2009). Communicable disease epidemiology and control: A global perspective, third ed. 636 CABI publishing, Wallingford.
World Health Organization. (2009). Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yasuno, M., & Tonn, R. J. (1970). A study of biting habits of Aedes aegypti in Bangkok, Thailand. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 43, 319-325.
Ayukekbong, A. J. (2014) Dengue virus Nigeria: current status and future perspective. British Journal ofVirology, 1, 106-111.
Baba, M. M. & Talle, M. (2011). The effect of climate on dengue virus infection in Nigeria. New York ScienceJournal, 4, 28-33.
Berger, S. (2015) Infectious diseases of the world. GIDEON informatics, Inc 1405 pp.
Bustamante, M. D., & Lord, C. C. (2010). Sources of error in the estimation of mosquito infection rates used to assess risk of arbovirus transmission. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 1172-1184.
Boorman, J. P., & Draper, C. C. (1968). Isolations of arboviruses in the Lagos area of Nigeria, and a survey of antibodies to them in man and animals. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,62(2), 269-277.
Bronzoni, R. V., Baleotti, F. G., Nogueira, R. M. R., Nunes, M., & Figueiredo, L. T. M. (2005). Duplex Reverse Transcription-PCR followed by nested PCR Assays for Detection and Identification of Brazilian Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(2),696-702.
California Department of Public Health California. (2009). Mosquito-borne virus surveillance and response plan. Retrieved from http://oasis.state.ga.us/Arboviral/index_mosquito.asp.
Carey, D. E., Causey, O. R., Reddy, S., & Cooke, A. R. (1971). Dengue virus from febrile patientsin Nigeria, 1964-1968. Lancet, 297(7690), 105-106.
Carissimo, G., Pondeville, E., McFarlane, M., Dietrich, I., Mitri, C., Bischoff, E., Antoniewski, C., Bourgouin, C., Failloux, A. B., Kohl, A., & Vernick, K. D. (2015). Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles of RNA interference and gut microbiota. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Science USA, 112, 175-185.
De Cock, K. M., Monath, T. P., Nasidi, A., Tukei, P. M., Enriquez, J., Lichfield, P., Craven, R. B., Fabiyi, A., Okafor, B. C., Ravaonjanahary, C., & Sorungbe, A. (1988). Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986. Lancet, 1, 630-633.
Diallo, M., Thonnon, J., & Fontenille, D. (2000). Vertical transmission of the yellow fever virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae): dynamics of infection in f1 adult progeny of orally infected females. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 62, 151-156.
Diallo, D., Sall, A. A., Diagne, C. T., Faye, O., Hanley, A. K., Blueneman, M., Ba, Y., Faye, O., Weaver, S. C., & Diallo, M. (2014). Patterns of sylvatic yellow fever virus amplification in south-eastern Senegal, 2010. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 1003-1013.
Diallo, M., Ba, Y., Faye, O., Soumare, M. L., Dia, I., & Sall, A. A. (2008). Vector competence of Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal for sylvatic and epidemic dengue 2 virus isolated in West Africa. Transactionsof the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,102, 493-498.
Ezenwa, V. O., Godsey, M. S., King, R. J., & Guptil, C. (2006). Avian density and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. Proceedings of the Biological Society, 273, 109-117.
Fagbami, A. H., Monath, T. P., & Fabiyi, A. (1977). Dengue virus infections in Nigeria: a survey for antibodies in monkeys and humans. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71, 60-65.
Figueiredo, L. T. M., Batista, W. C., Kashima, S., & Nassar, E. S. (1998). Identification of Brazilian Flaviviruses by Simplified Reverse Transcription- Polymerase Reaction method using Flavivirus Universal primers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59(3),357-362.
Frank, B. (2004). Minimum infection rates. A tool for using mosquito trap catches to predict human disease incidence. Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/edc/edrp/es/pdf/billfrankminimuminfetionrates.pdf.
Fulep, L., Barret, A. D. T., Phillpots, R., Martin, K., Lesslie, D., & Titball, R. W. (1993). Rapid Identification of flaviviruses based on conserved NS5 gene sequences. Virological Methods, 44, 179-188.
Gillet, J. D. (1972). Common Africa mosquitoes and their medical importance. Wilem Heimann Medical Books Ltd, London, 7-33.
Gu, W., Unnasch, T. R., Katholi, C. R., Lampman, R., & Novak, R. J. (2008). Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arbovirus transmission. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102, 817-822.
Gubler, D.J. & Clark, G.G. (1995). Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of global health problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1, 55-57.
Guzman, M. G., Halstead, S. B., Artsob, H., Buchy, P., Farrar, J., Gubler, D. J., Hunsperger, E., Axel Kroeger, A., Margolis, H. S., Martínez, E., Nathan, M. B., Pelegrino, J. L, Simmons, C., Sutee Yoksan, S., & Peeling, R. W. (2010). Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, S7-S16.
Keene, K. M., Foy, B. D., Sanchez-Vargas, I., Beaty, B. J., Blair, C. D., & Olson, K. E. (2004). RNA Interference acts as a neutral antiviral response to O’nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA,101, 17240-17245.
Korgaonkar, N. S., Kumar, A., Yadav, S. R., Kabadi, D., & Dash, A. P. (2012). Mosquito biting activity on humans and detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi in Goa, India. Indian Journal of medical Research, 135,120-126.
Lanciotti, R. S., Calisher, C. H., Gubler, D. J., Chang, G. J., & Vorndam, A. V. (1992). Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Microbiology, 30, 545-551.
Lee, V. H., & Moore, D. L. (1972). Vectors of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Bull. World Health Organization, 46, 669-673.
Lutomiah, J., Musila, L., Makio, A., Caroline, O., Koka, H., Chepkorir, E., Mutisiya, J., & Mulwa, F. (2011). Species to transmit West Nile Virus under laboratory conditions. Journal of Medical Entomology, 48, 1197-1201.
McCall, P. J., & Lehard, A. (2008). Dengue control. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 8, 7-9.
Messer, W. B., Gubler, J. D., Harris, E., Sivananthan, K., & de Silva, A. M. (2003). Emergence and global spread of a dengue serotype 3, subtype III virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9, 800-809.
Monath, T. P., Wilson, D. C., Lee, V. H., Stroh, G., Lee, V. H., & Smith, E. A. (1973). The 1970 yellow fever epidemic in Okwoga District, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 49, 123-126.
Nasidi, A., Monath, T. P., De Cock, K., Tomori, O., Cordellier, R., Olaleye, O. D., Hary, T. O., Adeniyi, J. A., Sorungbe, A. O., Ajose-Coker, A. O., van Der Laan, & Oyediran, A. B. O. (1989).Urban Yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83,401-406.
Normile, D. (2013). Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts. Science, 342, 415.
Oyero, O. G., & Ayukekbong, J. A. (2014). High dengue NS1 antigenemia in febrile patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Virus Research, 191, 59-61.
Service, M. W. (1976). Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods 2nd edition. Vector Biology and Control, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Liverpool, UK.
Vanlandingham, D. L., Tsetsarkin, K., Klinger, K. A., Hong, C., Mc Elroy, K. L., Lehane, M., & Higgs, S. (2006). Determinants of vectors specificity of o’nyongnyong and Chikungunya viruses in Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 663-669.
Vasilakis, N., Holmes, E. C., Fokam, E. B., Faye, O., Diallo, M., Sall, A. A., & Weaver, S. C. (2007). Evolutionary processes among sylvatic dengue-2 viruses. Journal of Virology, 81, 9591-9595.
Vasilakis, N., Tesh, R. B., & Weaver, S. C. (2008). Sylvatic dengue virus type 2 activity in humans, Nigeria, 1966. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14,502-504.
Webber, R, (2009). Communicable disease epidemiology and control: A global perspective, third ed. 636 CABI publishing, Wallingford.
World Health Organization. (2009). Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yasuno, M., & Tonn, R. J. (1970). A study of biting habits of Aedes aegypti in Bangkok, Thailand. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 43, 319-325.