HEYNEA TRIJUGA: POTENTIAL INSECTICIDAL & GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY AGAINST SPILARCTIA OBLIQUA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
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Oct 18, 2022
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Abstract
Plants are recognized as an important natural source of pesticides. They have a diverse range of chemicals to protect themselves against various pests/diseases. Extracts of the fruit pericarp of Heynea trijuga were evaluated for pesticidal and insect growth regulator (IGR) activity against Spilarctia obliqua under laboratory conditions. For three generations castor leaves treated with hexane and acetone extracts of Heynea trijuga (1-10%) were fed to 3rd instar larvae for five days and then untreated fresh leaves were given till pupation. An adverse morphogenic effect on various biological parameters (larval duration, pupal duration, adult emergence and fecundity) was observed in treated insects. The growth and development of insects were significantly affected in a dose-dependent manner. Larval duration, larval mortality, prepupal mortality, postpupal mortality and pupal duration increased with increase in concentration while, larval weight, adult emergence, fecundity and egg fertility decreased with increase in concentrations of extracts. The acetone extract showed better growth regulating activity than the hexane extract. The bioactive substances in H. trijuga extracts could be responsible for behavioral effects and post-ingestive toxicity and have good potential to be developed as insecticide/growth regulators.
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Tandon, S., & Mittal, A. (2022). HEYNEA TRIJUGA: POTENTIAL INSECTICIDAL & GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY AGAINST SPILARCTIA OBLIQUA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE). Acta Entomologica Serbica, 27(2), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7220951
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Copyright: © 2019 The ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SERBIA Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
References
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Benner, J. P. (1993). Pesticidal compounds from higher plants. Pesticide Science, 39, 95-102.
Bhadauria, N. K. S., Bhadauria, N. S., & Jakhmola, S. S. (2001). Larval development and survival of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walk.) on different host plants. Indian Journal of Entomology, 63, 475-477.
Bogorni, P. C., & Vendramim, J. D. (2005). Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of Trichilia spp. on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development on maize. Neotropical Entomology, 34(2), 665-669.
Christenhusz, M. J. M., & Byng, J. W. (2016). The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261(3), 201-217.
Corlett, R. T. (2016). Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Diversity, 38(1), 10-16.
Cunha, U. S. D., Vendramim, J. D., Rocha, W. C., & Vieira, P. C. (2008). Bioactivity of Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) derived molecules on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(6), 709-715.
Cunha, U. S. D., Vendramim, J. D., Rocha, W. C., & Vieira, P. C. (2005). Potential of Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) as a source of substances with insecticidal activity against the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology, 34(4), 667-673.
Dhingra, S., Bhandari, N. K. S., & Shankarganesh, K. (2007). Relative resistance of bihar hairy caterpillar to insecticide mixtures. Journal of Entomological Research, 31(3), 210-213.
Freitas, A. F., Formagio, A. S. N., Pereira, F. F., Lucchetta, J. T., & Vieira, M. D. C. (2014). Effect of extracts of Trichilia silvatica C. DC., on development and reproduction parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(20), 2041-2049.
García-Gómez, A., Figueroa-Brito, R., García Serrano, L. A., & Jiménez-Pérez, A. (2018). Trichilia (Meliaceae) plants: An important source of biomolecules with insecticidal properties. Florida Entomology, 101(3), 470-479.
Garg, G. (2011). Trichilia connaroides Wight and Arnott: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 9(4), 241-248.
Geng, Z. L., Fang, X., Di, Y. T., Zhang, Q., Zeng, Y., Shen, Y. M., & Hao, X. J. (2009). Trichilin B, a novel limonoid with highly rearranged ring system from Trichilia connaroides. Tetrahedron Letters, 50, 2132-2134.
Goel, S. C., Kumar, S., & Bhardwaj, D. K. (2004). Salient features and bibliography of bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua Walk (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 24, 7-31.
Guruprasad, B. R., & Akmal, P. (2014). Assessment of repellency and insecticidal activity of Ajuga parviflora (Benth) and Trichilia connaroides (W&A) leaf extracts against stored product insects. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 221-226.
Huerta, A., Medina, P., Castanera, P., & Vinuela, E. (2003 a). Lab studies with Trichellia havanensis Jacq a botanical pesticide and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). Bulletin IOBC/WPRS, 26, 25-32.
Huerta, A., Medina, P., Smagghe, G., Castanera, P., & Vinuela, E. (2003 b). Topical toxicity of two acetonic fractions of Trichelia havanensis Jacq. and four insecticides to larvae and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). Communications in Agriculture and Applied Biological Sciences, 68, 277-286.
Isman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 45-66.
Joshi, P. K. & Tandon, S. (2021). Origanum: A brief review on taxonomy, cultivation and uses. In Origanum: Taxonomy, Cultivation and Uses. Roger Ingram (Ed), Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA 46 pp.
Joshi, P.K., Tandon, S., Pant, A. K., & Mathela, C. S. (2011). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil liverwort Cryptomitrium himalyense Kash. Indian Perfumer, 55(3), 33-34.
Koul, O., & Dhaliwal, G. S. (2001). Phytochemical biopesticides., Harwood Acadademic Publishers. Amsterdam, The Netherland 117 pp.
Kubo, I., & Klocke, J., 1982. An insect growth inhibitor from Trichellia roka (Meliaceae). Experientia, 38, 639-640.
Lopez, O. J. F., Castanera, P., Budia, F., & Vinuela, E. (1997). Effects of Trichellia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) on Spodoptera littoralis. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas (Espana), 23, 3-10.
Lopez, O. J. F., Castanera, P., Torre, M. C., & Vinuela, E. (1998). Activity of seed extracts of Trichellia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) on larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas (Espana), 24, 629-636.
Mary, N dung'u., Baldwyn, T., Bart, G. J. K., & Ahmed, H. A. (2004). Laboratory evaluation of some eastern African Meliaceae as sources of larvicidal botanicals for Anopheles gambiae. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 24(4), 311-318.
Matos, A. P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P. C., Fernandes, J. B., Silva, M. F. D. G. F. D., & Rodrigues, R. R. (2009). Chemical constituents and insecticidal activity of extracts from fruits Trichilia elegans and T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quimica Nova, 32(6), 1553-1556.
Mikolajezak, K. L., Zilkowski, B. W., & Bartelt, R. (1989). Effect of meliaceous seed extracts on growth and survival of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15, 121-128.
Prakash, A., & Rao, J. (1997). Botanical pesticides in agriculture. p, CRC Press, Inc. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 459 pp.
Purushothaman, K. K., Venkatanarasimhan, M., Sarada, A., Connolly, J. D., & Rycroft, D. S. (1987). Trijugins A and B: tetranortriterpenoids with a novel rearranged carbon skeleton from Heynea trijuga (Meliaceae). Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 65, 35-37.
Rao, P. J., & Mani, C. (1995). Botanicals as a source of insect best management chemicals, In S Walia and B.S. Parmar (Eds.) Pesticides Crop Protection and Environment. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 17-53 pp.
Roy, A., & Saraf, S. (2006). Limonoids: overview of significant bioactive triterpenes distributed in plant kingdom. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 191-201.
Snedeor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical Methods., Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. 593 pp.
Singh, K. M., & Singh, M. P. (2008). Insecticidal activity of Trichilia connaroides (W. and A.) bentilezen (Fam. Meliaceae) against some common vegetable pests. Indian Journal of Entomology, 70(4), 341-345.
Singh, K. M., Kummawat, M. M., & Riba, T. (2011). Evaluation of insecticidal activity of Trichilia connaroides and Melia azedarach against Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. Journal of Applied Zoological Researches, 22(1), 27-30.
Tamta, G., Mehra, N., & Tandon, S. (2021 b). Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Ficus auriculata: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 163-169
Tamta, G., Mehra, N., Tandon, S., Nand, V., & Biswas, S. (2021a). In vitro antimicrobial assay of leaves, bark and fruits of Ficus auriculata collected from two different regions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 9(1), 930-935.
Tan, Q. G., & Luo, X. D. (2011). Meliaceous limonoids: chemistry and biological activities. Chemical Reviews, 111, 7437-7522.
Tandon, S., & Mittal A. K. (2017). Study of fatty acids profile in kernel oil of Heynea trijuga Roxb. Ex Sims. (syn. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv.). Journal of Chemistry, 2017(6), 1-3.
Tandon, S., & Mittal, A. K. (2018). Insecticidal and growth inhibitory activity of essential oils of Boenninghausenia albiflora and Teucrium quadrifarium against Spilarctia obliqua. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 81, 70-73.
Tandon, S., & Sand, N. K. (2016). Qualitative analysis of phenolic constituents from leaves of some plants of family Meliaceae. International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, 2(1), 27-30.
Tandon, S., Mittal, A. K., & Pant, A. K. (2009). Growth regulatory activity of Trichilia connoroides (syn Heynea trijuga) leaf extracts against bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 29(4), 180-184.
Tandon, S., Ram, B., & Pant A. K. (2001). Insecticidal properties of some indigenous plants against Callosobruchus chinensis L. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 29(1&2), 157-158.
Tandon, S., Verma, R. C., Joshi, P. K., & Pant, A. K. (2005). Effect of essential oils of Elsholtzia spp. against plant pathogenic fungi. Indian Perfumer, 49(3), 321-323.
The Plant List (2010e). Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims. Retrieved from: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl.1/record/kew-2849031 [Accessed on: May 2021].
Vasmatkar, P., Dubey, A., Tyagi, B., Baral, P., Tandon, S., & Kadam, A. (2014). Antibacterial activity and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract from stem bark and leaves of Mitragyana parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(1), 304-311.
Vieira, I. J. C., Terra, W. D. S., Gonçalves, M. D. S., & Braz-Filho, R. (2014). Secondary metabolites of the genus Trichilia: Contribution to the chemistry of meliaceae family. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 91-121.
Wheelar, D. A., Isman, M. B., Sanchez-vindas, P. E., & Amason, J. T., (2000). Screening of Costa Rican Trichilia species for biological activity against the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 29, 347-358.
Wheeler, D. A., & Isman, M. B., (2000). Effect of Trichilia americana extract on feeding behavior of Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(12), 2791-2800.
Wheeler, D. A., & Isman, M. B., (2001). Antifeedant and toxic activity of Trichilia americana extract against the larvae of Spodoptera litura. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98, 9-16.
Xie, Y. S., Isman, M. B., Gunning, P., Mackinnon, S., Arnason, J., Taylor, D. R., Sanchez, P. H. C., & Towers, G. H. N. (1994). Biological activities of extracts of Trichilia species and the liminoids hirtin against lepidopteran larvae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22, 129-136.
Benner, J. P. (1993). Pesticidal compounds from higher plants. Pesticide Science, 39, 95-102.
Bhadauria, N. K. S., Bhadauria, N. S., & Jakhmola, S. S. (2001). Larval development and survival of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walk.) on different host plants. Indian Journal of Entomology, 63, 475-477.
Bogorni, P. C., & Vendramim, J. D. (2005). Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of Trichilia spp. on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development on maize. Neotropical Entomology, 34(2), 665-669.
Christenhusz, M. J. M., & Byng, J. W. (2016). The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261(3), 201-217.
Corlett, R. T. (2016). Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Diversity, 38(1), 10-16.
Cunha, U. S. D., Vendramim, J. D., Rocha, W. C., & Vieira, P. C. (2008). Bioactivity of Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) derived molecules on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology, 37(6), 709-715.
Cunha, U. S. D., Vendramim, J. D., Rocha, W. C., & Vieira, P. C. (2005). Potential of Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) as a source of substances with insecticidal activity against the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology, 34(4), 667-673.
Dhingra, S., Bhandari, N. K. S., & Shankarganesh, K. (2007). Relative resistance of bihar hairy caterpillar to insecticide mixtures. Journal of Entomological Research, 31(3), 210-213.
Freitas, A. F., Formagio, A. S. N., Pereira, F. F., Lucchetta, J. T., & Vieira, M. D. C. (2014). Effect of extracts of Trichilia silvatica C. DC., on development and reproduction parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(20), 2041-2049.
García-Gómez, A., Figueroa-Brito, R., García Serrano, L. A., & Jiménez-Pérez, A. (2018). Trichilia (Meliaceae) plants: An important source of biomolecules with insecticidal properties. Florida Entomology, 101(3), 470-479.
Garg, G. (2011). Trichilia connaroides Wight and Arnott: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 9(4), 241-248.
Geng, Z. L., Fang, X., Di, Y. T., Zhang, Q., Zeng, Y., Shen, Y. M., & Hao, X. J. (2009). Trichilin B, a novel limonoid with highly rearranged ring system from Trichilia connaroides. Tetrahedron Letters, 50, 2132-2134.
Goel, S. C., Kumar, S., & Bhardwaj, D. K. (2004). Salient features and bibliography of bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua Walk (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 24, 7-31.
Guruprasad, B. R., & Akmal, P. (2014). Assessment of repellency and insecticidal activity of Ajuga parviflora (Benth) and Trichilia connaroides (W&A) leaf extracts against stored product insects. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 221-226.
Huerta, A., Medina, P., Castanera, P., & Vinuela, E. (2003 a). Lab studies with Trichellia havanensis Jacq a botanical pesticide and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). Bulletin IOBC/WPRS, 26, 25-32.
Huerta, A., Medina, P., Smagghe, G., Castanera, P., & Vinuela, E. (2003 b). Topical toxicity of two acetonic fractions of Trichelia havanensis Jacq. and four insecticides to larvae and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). Communications in Agriculture and Applied Biological Sciences, 68, 277-286.
Isman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 45-66.
Joshi, P. K. & Tandon, S. (2021). Origanum: A brief review on taxonomy, cultivation and uses. In Origanum: Taxonomy, Cultivation and Uses. Roger Ingram (Ed), Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY, USA 46 pp.
Joshi, P.K., Tandon, S., Pant, A. K., & Mathela, C. S. (2011). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil liverwort Cryptomitrium himalyense Kash. Indian Perfumer, 55(3), 33-34.
Koul, O., & Dhaliwal, G. S. (2001). Phytochemical biopesticides., Harwood Acadademic Publishers. Amsterdam, The Netherland 117 pp.
Kubo, I., & Klocke, J., 1982. An insect growth inhibitor from Trichellia roka (Meliaceae). Experientia, 38, 639-640.
Lopez, O. J. F., Castanera, P., Budia, F., & Vinuela, E. (1997). Effects of Trichellia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) on Spodoptera littoralis. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas (Espana), 23, 3-10.
Lopez, O. J. F., Castanera, P., Torre, M. C., & Vinuela, E. (1998). Activity of seed extracts of Trichellia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) on larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas (Espana), 24, 629-636.
Mary, N dung'u., Baldwyn, T., Bart, G. J. K., & Ahmed, H. A. (2004). Laboratory evaluation of some eastern African Meliaceae as sources of larvicidal botanicals for Anopheles gambiae. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 24(4), 311-318.
Matos, A. P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P. C., Fernandes, J. B., Silva, M. F. D. G. F. D., & Rodrigues, R. R. (2009). Chemical constituents and insecticidal activity of extracts from fruits Trichilia elegans and T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quimica Nova, 32(6), 1553-1556.
Mikolajezak, K. L., Zilkowski, B. W., & Bartelt, R. (1989). Effect of meliaceous seed extracts on growth and survival of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15, 121-128.
Prakash, A., & Rao, J. (1997). Botanical pesticides in agriculture. p, CRC Press, Inc. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 459 pp.
Purushothaman, K. K., Venkatanarasimhan, M., Sarada, A., Connolly, J. D., & Rycroft, D. S. (1987). Trijugins A and B: tetranortriterpenoids with a novel rearranged carbon skeleton from Heynea trijuga (Meliaceae). Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 65, 35-37.
Rao, P. J., & Mani, C. (1995). Botanicals as a source of insect best management chemicals, In S Walia and B.S. Parmar (Eds.) Pesticides Crop Protection and Environment. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 17-53 pp.
Roy, A., & Saraf, S. (2006). Limonoids: overview of significant bioactive triterpenes distributed in plant kingdom. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 191-201.
Snedeor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical Methods., Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. 593 pp.
Singh, K. M., & Singh, M. P. (2008). Insecticidal activity of Trichilia connaroides (W. and A.) bentilezen (Fam. Meliaceae) against some common vegetable pests. Indian Journal of Entomology, 70(4), 341-345.
Singh, K. M., Kummawat, M. M., & Riba, T. (2011). Evaluation of insecticidal activity of Trichilia connaroides and Melia azedarach against Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. Journal of Applied Zoological Researches, 22(1), 27-30.
Tamta, G., Mehra, N., & Tandon, S. (2021 b). Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Ficus auriculata: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 163-169
Tamta, G., Mehra, N., Tandon, S., Nand, V., & Biswas, S. (2021a). In vitro antimicrobial assay of leaves, bark and fruits of Ficus auriculata collected from two different regions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 9(1), 930-935.
Tan, Q. G., & Luo, X. D. (2011). Meliaceous limonoids: chemistry and biological activities. Chemical Reviews, 111, 7437-7522.
Tandon, S., & Mittal A. K. (2017). Study of fatty acids profile in kernel oil of Heynea trijuga Roxb. Ex Sims. (syn. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv.). Journal of Chemistry, 2017(6), 1-3.
Tandon, S., & Mittal, A. K. (2018). Insecticidal and growth inhibitory activity of essential oils of Boenninghausenia albiflora and Teucrium quadrifarium against Spilarctia obliqua. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 81, 70-73.
Tandon, S., & Sand, N. K. (2016). Qualitative analysis of phenolic constituents from leaves of some plants of family Meliaceae. International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, 2(1), 27-30.
Tandon, S., Mittal, A. K., & Pant, A. K. (2009). Growth regulatory activity of Trichilia connoroides (syn Heynea trijuga) leaf extracts against bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 29(4), 180-184.
Tandon, S., Ram, B., & Pant A. K. (2001). Insecticidal properties of some indigenous plants against Callosobruchus chinensis L. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 29(1&2), 157-158.
Tandon, S., Verma, R. C., Joshi, P. K., & Pant, A. K. (2005). Effect of essential oils of Elsholtzia spp. against plant pathogenic fungi. Indian Perfumer, 49(3), 321-323.
The Plant List (2010e). Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims. Retrieved from: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl.1/record/kew-2849031 [Accessed on: May 2021].
Vasmatkar, P., Dubey, A., Tyagi, B., Baral, P., Tandon, S., & Kadam, A. (2014). Antibacterial activity and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract from stem bark and leaves of Mitragyana parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(1), 304-311.
Vieira, I. J. C., Terra, W. D. S., Gonçalves, M. D. S., & Braz-Filho, R. (2014). Secondary metabolites of the genus Trichilia: Contribution to the chemistry of meliaceae family. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 91-121.
Wheelar, D. A., Isman, M. B., Sanchez-vindas, P. E., & Amason, J. T., (2000). Screening of Costa Rican Trichilia species for biological activity against the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 29, 347-358.
Wheeler, D. A., & Isman, M. B., (2000). Effect of Trichilia americana extract on feeding behavior of Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(12), 2791-2800.
Wheeler, D. A., & Isman, M. B., (2001). Antifeedant and toxic activity of Trichilia americana extract against the larvae of Spodoptera litura. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98, 9-16.
Xie, Y. S., Isman, M. B., Gunning, P., Mackinnon, S., Arnason, J., Taylor, D. R., Sanchez, P. H. C., & Towers, G. H. N. (1994). Biological activities of extracts of Trichilia species and the liminoids hirtin against lepidopteran larvae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22, 129-136.