GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) – AN ATTEMPT TO STANDARDIZE FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES
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Jun 28, 2023
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Abstract
This paper provides guidelines for sampling and preserving black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae), aiming to standardize field and laboratory procedures. The authors detail the methods for processing black fly samples, from collection to identification, for each stage. They also propose a sampling protocol that considers various environmental factors influencing species distribution and abundance. The paper is based on the authors' personal experience and aims to contribute to a broader understanding of black fly ecology and taxonomy.
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Vasiliev, A., & Aibulatov, S. (2023). GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) – AN ATTEMPT TO STANDARDIZE FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 28(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092196
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Copyright: © 2019 The ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SERBIA Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
References
Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C., & Wood, M. D. (2004). The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Comstock Pub. Associates, New York City, New York, USA, 940 pp. ISBN 0-8014-2498-4.
Chubareva, L. A., & Petrova, N. A. (2008). Tsitologicheskiye karty politennykh khromosom i nekotoryye morfologicheskiye osobennosti krovososushchikh moshek Rossii i sopredelʹnykh stran (Diptera,Simuliidae): atlas (Cytological maps of polytene chromosomes and some morphological features of black flies of Russia and neighboring countries (Diptera, Simuliidae): atlas].Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK, Saint-Petersburg–Moscow, Russia, 354 pp. ISBN 978-5-87317-471-3. [In Russian].
Crosskey, R. W. (1990). The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 711 pp. ISBN 978-0471927556.
Illéšová, D., Halgoš, J., & Krno, I. J. (2008). Blackfly assemblages (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Carpathian river: habitat characteristics, longitudinal zonation and eutrophication. Hydrobiologia, 598(1), 163-174. DOI:10.1007/s10750-007-9148-4.
Jensen, F. (2015). Simuliidae (Black-flies). The Greenland Entomofauna: An Identification Manual of Insects, Spiders and their Allies. Brill, Boston. USA. 417-425. ISBN: 978-90-04-25640-8.
Kaplich, V. M., & Skulovets, M. V. (2000). Krovososushchiye moshki (Diptera, Simuliidae) Belarusi (Blood-feeding black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Belarus). BGPU by M. Tanka, Minsk, Belarus, 365 pp. ISBN 985-435-264-1. [In Russian].
Khalin A. V., Aibulatov S. V., & Przhiboro A. A. (2021). Sampling Techniques for Bloodsucking Dipterans (Diptera: Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae). Entomological Review, 101(9), 1219-1243. DOI: 10.1134/S0013873821090013.
McCreadie J. W., Adler P. H., Grillet M. E., & Hamada N. (2006). Sampling and statistics in understanding distributions of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Entomologica Serbica, 11, 89-96.
Palmer R., & O'Keeffe J. A. Y. (1995). Distribution and abundance of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to impoundments in the Buffalo River, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Freshwater Biology, 33(1), 109-118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00391.x.
Petrozhitskaya L. V., & Rodkina V. I. (2007). Taxonomic composition and landscape-biotopical distribution of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Khemchik river basin (western Tuva). Parazitologiya, 41(4), 241-252.
Rubtsov I. A. (1956a). Metody izucheniya moshek (Methods of studying black flies). AN SSSR, Moscow – Leningrad. 56 pp. [In Russian].
Rubtsov I. A. (1956b). Moshki (sem. Simuliidae): Fauna SSSR: Dvukrylye V. 6 No. 6 (Black flies (fam. Simuliidae): Fauna of the USSR: Diptera). AN SSSR, Moscow–Leningrad, 860 pp. [In Russian].
Service M. W. (1977). Methods for sampling adult Simuliidae: With special reference to the Simulium damnosum Complex. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK, 48 pp. ISBN 0-85135-087-9.
Sommerman K. M., Sailer R. I., & Esselbaugh C. O. (1955). Biology of Alaskan black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Ecological monographs, 25(4), 345-385. DOI: 10.2307/1943307.
Usova Z. V. (1961). Fauna moshek Karelii i Murmanskoi oblasti (Diptera, Simuliidae) (The fauna of black flies in Karelia and the Murmansk region). AN SSSR, Moscow–Leningrad, 286 pp. [In Russian].
Yankovsky A. V. (1979). The dependence of the abundance of larvae and pupae of black flies (Simuliidae) in water bodies on the number of attacking females. Parazitologiya, 13(1), 36-42 [In Russian].
Chubareva, L. A., & Petrova, N. A. (2008). Tsitologicheskiye karty politennykh khromosom i nekotoryye morfologicheskiye osobennosti krovososushchikh moshek Rossii i sopredelʹnykh stran (Diptera,Simuliidae): atlas (Cytological maps of polytene chromosomes and some morphological features of black flies of Russia and neighboring countries (Diptera, Simuliidae): atlas].Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK, Saint-Petersburg–Moscow, Russia, 354 pp. ISBN 978-5-87317-471-3. [In Russian].
Crosskey, R. W. (1990). The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 711 pp. ISBN 978-0471927556.
Illéšová, D., Halgoš, J., & Krno, I. J. (2008). Blackfly assemblages (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Carpathian river: habitat characteristics, longitudinal zonation and eutrophication. Hydrobiologia, 598(1), 163-174. DOI:10.1007/s10750-007-9148-4.
Jensen, F. (2015). Simuliidae (Black-flies). The Greenland Entomofauna: An Identification Manual of Insects, Spiders and their Allies. Brill, Boston. USA. 417-425. ISBN: 978-90-04-25640-8.
Kaplich, V. M., & Skulovets, M. V. (2000). Krovososushchiye moshki (Diptera, Simuliidae) Belarusi (Blood-feeding black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Belarus). BGPU by M. Tanka, Minsk, Belarus, 365 pp. ISBN 985-435-264-1. [In Russian].
Khalin A. V., Aibulatov S. V., & Przhiboro A. A. (2021). Sampling Techniques for Bloodsucking Dipterans (Diptera: Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae). Entomological Review, 101(9), 1219-1243. DOI: 10.1134/S0013873821090013.
McCreadie J. W., Adler P. H., Grillet M. E., & Hamada N. (2006). Sampling and statistics in understanding distributions of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Entomologica Serbica, 11, 89-96.
Palmer R., & O'Keeffe J. A. Y. (1995). Distribution and abundance of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to impoundments in the Buffalo River, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Freshwater Biology, 33(1), 109-118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00391.x.
Petrozhitskaya L. V., & Rodkina V. I. (2007). Taxonomic composition and landscape-biotopical distribution of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Khemchik river basin (western Tuva). Parazitologiya, 41(4), 241-252.
Rubtsov I. A. (1956a). Metody izucheniya moshek (Methods of studying black flies). AN SSSR, Moscow – Leningrad. 56 pp. [In Russian].
Rubtsov I. A. (1956b). Moshki (sem. Simuliidae): Fauna SSSR: Dvukrylye V. 6 No. 6 (Black flies (fam. Simuliidae): Fauna of the USSR: Diptera). AN SSSR, Moscow–Leningrad, 860 pp. [In Russian].
Service M. W. (1977). Methods for sampling adult Simuliidae: With special reference to the Simulium damnosum Complex. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK, 48 pp. ISBN 0-85135-087-9.
Sommerman K. M., Sailer R. I., & Esselbaugh C. O. (1955). Biology of Alaskan black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Ecological monographs, 25(4), 345-385. DOI: 10.2307/1943307.
Usova Z. V. (1961). Fauna moshek Karelii i Murmanskoi oblasti (Diptera, Simuliidae) (The fauna of black flies in Karelia and the Murmansk region). AN SSSR, Moscow–Leningrad, 286 pp. [In Russian].
Yankovsky A. V. (1979). The dependence of the abundance of larvae and pupae of black flies (Simuliidae) in water bodies on the number of attacking females. Parazitologiya, 13(1), 36-42 [In Russian].