MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR VECTOR MOSQUITOES OF BANGLADESH
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Dec 25, 2023
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are considered major contributors to vector-borne diseases, threatening more than eighty per cent of the global population. Pest management depends on proper identification techniques. The barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA has recently been proposed as a systematic tool, functional in taxonomy and evolutionary study for species definition. This work is the first attempt to identify the main vector mosquito species from Bangladesh based on the MT-COI gene. Eleven vector mosquitos were identified. AT content (69%) was found to be higher than GC content (31%) at the COI barcode region of the mosquito. The interspecific genetic divergence range of medically important mosquitoes was 0.01-0.21. Haplotype analysis revealed that Mansonia annulifera diverged highly from its immediate ancestor by the highest mutational steps (59). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that species belonging to the same family were in the same major clade. Overall, our findings contribute to a better method of identifying major vector mosquito species by COI genes and for implementing management measures against mosquito pests in Bangladesh.
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Rain, F., Aslam, A., Al-Amin, H., & Alam, M. (2023). MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR VECTOR MOSQUITOES OF BANGLADESH. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 28(2), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10430964
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Copyright: © 2019 The ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SERBIA Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
References
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Ahmed, T. U. (1987). Checklist of the mosquitoes of Bangladesh. Journal of Mosquito System, 19(3), 191-204.
Alam, M. S., Al-amin, H. M., Elahi, M., Chakma, S., Kafi, M. A. H., Khan, W. A., Haque, R., Sack, D. A., Sullivan, D. J., Sullivan, J. R., & Norris, D. E. (2018). Abundance and Dynamics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in a Malaria Endemic Area of Bangladesh. Journal of Medical Entomology, 55(2), 382-391.
Alam, M. S., Chakman, S., Khan, W.A., Glass, G. E., Mohon, A. N., Elahi, R., Norris, L. C., Podder, M. P., Ahmed, S., Haque, R., Sack, D. A., David, J. S. J., & Norris, D. E. (2012). Diversity of anopheline species and their Plasmodium infection status in rural Bandarban, Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors, 5, 150.
Al-Amin, H. M., Elahi, R., Mohon, A. N., Kafi, M. A., Chakma, S. and Lord, J. S. (2015). Role of underappreciated vectors in malaria transmission in an endemic region of Bangladesh-India border. Parasite and Vectors, 8, 195.
Anandh, P., & Sevarkodiyone, S. P. (2017). Diversity of vector mosquitoes in selected areas of Sattur Taluk (Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India). International Journal of Mosquito Research, 4(4), 140-144.
Batovska, J., Blacket, M. J., Brown, K., & Lynch, S. E. (2016). Molecular identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Australia. Ecology and Evolution, 6(9), 3001-3011. doi:10.1002/ece3.2095.
Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Dahl, C., & Madon, M. (2010). Mosquitoes and their control. 2. Heidelberg: Springer, 577pp.
Bourke, B. P., Oliveira, T. P., Suesdek, L., Bergo, E. S., & Sallum, M. (2013). A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasites and Vectors, 6,111.
Bram, R.M. (1967). Contribution to the mosquito fauna to South East Asia, II.The genus Culex, in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contribution of the American Entomohgicb Institution, 2,1.
Chan, A., Chiang, L., Hapuarachchi, H. C., Tan, C. H., Panh, C. H., Lee, R., Lee, K. S., Ng, L. C., & Lam-Phua, S. G. (2014). DNA barcoding: complementing morphological identification of mosquito species in Singapore. Parasites and Vectors, 7, 569. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0569-4.
Clement, M., Posada, D., & Crandall, K.A. (2000). TCA: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657-1659.
Cousins, S. (2019). Dengue rises in Bangladesh. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(2), 138. doi:org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30008-8.
Dayaram, S., & Pokharel, S. (2019). Bangladesh hit by worst dengue outbreak on record. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/30/asia/bangladesh-dengue-outbreak-hnk-intl/index.html.
Dieme, C., Bechah, Y., Socolovschi, C., Audoly, G., Berenger, J. M., & Faye, O. (2015). Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 8088–8093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413835112.
Dimopoulos, G., Kafatos, F. C., Waters, A. P., & Sinden, R. E. (2002). Malaria parasites and the Anopheles mosquito. Chemical Immunology, 80, 27-49.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3(5), 294-299.
Friedheim, S., & Horizons, M. (2016). Comparison of Species Identification Methods DNA Barcoding versus Morphological Taxonomy. Manoa Horizons, 1, 74-86.
Georghiou, G. P., Wirth, M., Trans, H., Saun, F., & Knudsen, B. (1987). Potential for organophosphate resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caribbean Area and neighboring countries. Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 290-294.
Halstead, S. B. (2000). Global perspective on dengue research. Dengue Bulletin, 24, 77- 82.
Hebert, P. D. N., & Ratnasinghan, J. R. D. (2003). Barcoding animal life cytochrome c oxidase sub unit 1 diner genus among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of B: Biological Sciences, 270, 369-399.
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & deWaard, J. R. (2004). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313-321.
Ilahi, I., & Suleman, S. (2013). Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Mosquitoes in Swat. Pakistan. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 2(4), 454-463.
Irish, S. R., Al-Amin, H. M., Alam, M. S., Harbach, R. E. (2016). A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors, 9, 559.
José, L., Ramirez., Lindsey, S., Garver., & George, D. (2009). Challenges and Approaches for Mosquito Targeted Malaria Control. Current Molecular Medicine, 9(2), 116-130.
Karim, M. R., Islam, M. M., Farid, M. S., M. A., Akter, T., & Khan, H. R. (2013). Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Fluctuation of Mosquitoes in Dhaka City. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 1(1), 42-46.
Karlekar, S., & Andrew, R. (2015). Mosquito diversity and vector species status in and around Nagpur city of Maharashtra state, India. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2(2), 19-23.
Kraemer, M. U., Sinka, M. E., Duda, K. A., Mylne, A. Q., Shearer, F. M., Barker, C. M. (2015). The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife, 30(4), e08347. doi: 10.7554/eLife.08347.
Kettle, D. S. (1995). Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2nd Editiion.CAB International, UK, 720pp.
Khamis, F. M., Masiga, D. K., Mohamed, S. A., Salifu, D., de Meyer, M., & Ekesi, S. (2012). Taxonomic identity of the invasive fruit fly pest Bactrocera invadens: concordance in morphometry and DNA barcoding. PLoS One, 7(9), 1-9.
Kobayashi, N., Tamura, K., Aoutsuka, T., & Katakura, H. (1998). Molecular phylogeny of twelve Asian species of Epilachnine ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinelliddae) with notes on the directions of host shifts. Zoological. Sciences, 15, 147-151.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547-1549.
Kumar, N. P., Rajavel, A. R., Natarajan, R., & Jambulingam, P. (2007). DNA barcodes can distinguish species of Indian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 44, 1-7.
Lane, R. P., & Crosskey, R. W. (1993). Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman and Hall, Springer-science+bussiness media, B. V., 723pp.
Mone, F. H; Hossain, S., Hasan, M. T., Tajkia, G., & Ahmed, F. (2019). Sustainable actions needed to mitigate dengue outbreak in Bangladesh. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(11), 1166-1167.
Muslim, A., Fong, M. Y., Mahmud, R., Lau, Y. L., & Sinnandurai, S. (2012). Armigeres subalbatus incriminated as a vector of zoonotic Brugia pahangi filariasis in suburban Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia. Parasite and Vectors, 6, 219.
Osorio, H. C., Ze-Ze, L., Amaro, F., & Alves, M. (2014). Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal-2008-2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11), 11583-11596.
Paul, K. K., Chowdhury, D. P., Haque, C. E., Al-Amin, H. M., Goswami, D. R., & Kafi, M. A. H. (2018). Risk factors for the presence of dengue vector mosquitoes, and determinants of their prevalence and larval site selection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0199457.
Powell, J. R., Soria, A. G., & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018). Recent History of Aedes aegypti: Vector Genomics and Epidemiology Records. Biosciences, 68(11), 854-860.
Rattanarithikul, R., Harrison, B. A., Panthusiri, P., Peyton, E. L., & Coleman, R. E. (2006). Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand III. Genera Aedeomyia, Ficalbia, Mimomyia, Hodgesia, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Uranotaenia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 37(1), 1-85.
Scott, T. W., & Takken, W. (2012). Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in increased risk of pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitology, 28, 114-121.
Simon, S., & Hadrys, H. (2013). A comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes among Hexapoda. Molecular. Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69(2), 393-403.
Sirivanakarn, S. (1977). A revision of the subgenus Lophoceraomyia of the genus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contribution of American Entomology Institute, 13, 1-245.
Surendran, S. N., Sarma, D. K., Kemppainen, P., Jude, P. J., Kanthakumuran, N., Gajapathy, K., Peiris, L. B. S., Ramasamy, R., & Walton, C. (2013). Molecular characterization and identification of members of the Anopheles subpictus complex in Sri Lanka. Malaria Journal, 12, 304.
Suhasini, G., & Sammaiah, C. (2014). Diversity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in different habitats of Warangat urban environment. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 7-10.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30(12), 2725-2729.
Tandina, F., Doumbo, O., Yaro, A. S., Traoré Sékou, F. Parola, P., & Robert, V. (2018). Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasites and Vectors, 11: 467. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3045-8.
Ughasi, J., Bekard, H. E., Coulibaly, M., Gomez, D. A., Gyapong, J., Appawu, M., Wilson, M. D., & Boakye, D. A. (2012). Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are Vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Parasite and Vectors, 5, 89.
Wang, G., Li, C., Guo, X., Xing, D., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Zheng, Z., & Zhang, H. (2005). Identifying the main mosquito species in China based on DNA barcoding. PLoS ONE, 7, e47051.
Waterhouse, A. M., Procter, J. B., Martin, D. M. A., Clamp, M., & Barton, G. J. (2009) Jalview version 2 – a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench Bioinformatics. 1, 25(9), 1189-91. doi: 10.1093 /bioinformatics/btp033.
Weeraratne, T. C., Surendran, S. N. & Parakrama Karunaratne, S. H. P. (2018). DNA barcoding of morphologically characterized mosquitoes belonging to the subfamily Culinae from Sri Lanka. Parasites Vectors, 11, 266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2810-z.
Wolfe, M.S., & Aslam, K.M. (1971). Filariasis in East Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 63-69.
Agrupis, K. A., Ylade, M., Aldaba, J., Lopez, A. L., & Deen, J. (2019). Trends in dengue research in the Philippines: A systematic review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(4), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007280.
Ahmed, T. U. (1987). Checklist of the mosquitoes of Bangladesh. Journal of Mosquito System, 19(3), 191-204.
Alam, M. S., Al-amin, H. M., Elahi, M., Chakma, S., Kafi, M. A. H., Khan, W. A., Haque, R., Sack, D. A., Sullivan, D. J., Sullivan, J. R., & Norris, D. E. (2018). Abundance and Dynamics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in a Malaria Endemic Area of Bangladesh. Journal of Medical Entomology, 55(2), 382-391.
Alam, M. S., Chakman, S., Khan, W.A., Glass, G. E., Mohon, A. N., Elahi, R., Norris, L. C., Podder, M. P., Ahmed, S., Haque, R., Sack, D. A., David, J. S. J., & Norris, D. E. (2012). Diversity of anopheline species and their Plasmodium infection status in rural Bandarban, Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors, 5, 150.
Al-Amin, H. M., Elahi, R., Mohon, A. N., Kafi, M. A., Chakma, S. and Lord, J. S. (2015). Role of underappreciated vectors in malaria transmission in an endemic region of Bangladesh-India border. Parasite and Vectors, 8, 195.
Anandh, P., & Sevarkodiyone, S. P. (2017). Diversity of vector mosquitoes in selected areas of Sattur Taluk (Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India). International Journal of Mosquito Research, 4(4), 140-144.
Batovska, J., Blacket, M. J., Brown, K., & Lynch, S. E. (2016). Molecular identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Australia. Ecology and Evolution, 6(9), 3001-3011. doi:10.1002/ece3.2095.
Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Dahl, C., & Madon, M. (2010). Mosquitoes and their control. 2. Heidelberg: Springer, 577pp.
Bourke, B. P., Oliveira, T. P., Suesdek, L., Bergo, E. S., & Sallum, M. (2013). A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasites and Vectors, 6,111.
Bram, R.M. (1967). Contribution to the mosquito fauna to South East Asia, II.The genus Culex, in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contribution of the American Entomohgicb Institution, 2,1.
Chan, A., Chiang, L., Hapuarachchi, H. C., Tan, C. H., Panh, C. H., Lee, R., Lee, K. S., Ng, L. C., & Lam-Phua, S. G. (2014). DNA barcoding: complementing morphological identification of mosquito species in Singapore. Parasites and Vectors, 7, 569. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0569-4.
Clement, M., Posada, D., & Crandall, K.A. (2000). TCA: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657-1659.
Cousins, S. (2019). Dengue rises in Bangladesh. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(2), 138. doi:org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30008-8.
Dayaram, S., & Pokharel, S. (2019). Bangladesh hit by worst dengue outbreak on record. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/30/asia/bangladesh-dengue-outbreak-hnk-intl/index.html.
Dieme, C., Bechah, Y., Socolovschi, C., Audoly, G., Berenger, J. M., & Faye, O. (2015). Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 8088–8093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413835112.
Dimopoulos, G., Kafatos, F. C., Waters, A. P., & Sinden, R. E. (2002). Malaria parasites and the Anopheles mosquito. Chemical Immunology, 80, 27-49.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3(5), 294-299.
Friedheim, S., & Horizons, M. (2016). Comparison of Species Identification Methods DNA Barcoding versus Morphological Taxonomy. Manoa Horizons, 1, 74-86.
Georghiou, G. P., Wirth, M., Trans, H., Saun, F., & Knudsen, B. (1987). Potential for organophosphate resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Caribbean Area and neighboring countries. Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 290-294.
Halstead, S. B. (2000). Global perspective on dengue research. Dengue Bulletin, 24, 77- 82.
Hebert, P. D. N., & Ratnasinghan, J. R. D. (2003). Barcoding animal life cytochrome c oxidase sub unit 1 diner genus among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of B: Biological Sciences, 270, 369-399.
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & deWaard, J. R. (2004). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313-321.
Ilahi, I., & Suleman, S. (2013). Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Mosquitoes in Swat. Pakistan. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 2(4), 454-463.
Irish, S. R., Al-Amin, H. M., Alam, M. S., Harbach, R. E. (2016). A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh. Parasites and Vectors, 9, 559.
José, L., Ramirez., Lindsey, S., Garver., & George, D. (2009). Challenges and Approaches for Mosquito Targeted Malaria Control. Current Molecular Medicine, 9(2), 116-130.
Karim, M. R., Islam, M. M., Farid, M. S., M. A., Akter, T., & Khan, H. R. (2013). Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Fluctuation of Mosquitoes in Dhaka City. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 1(1), 42-46.
Karlekar, S., & Andrew, R. (2015). Mosquito diversity and vector species status in and around Nagpur city of Maharashtra state, India. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2(2), 19-23.
Kraemer, M. U., Sinka, M. E., Duda, K. A., Mylne, A. Q., Shearer, F. M., Barker, C. M. (2015). The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife, 30(4), e08347. doi: 10.7554/eLife.08347.
Kettle, D. S. (1995). Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2nd Editiion.CAB International, UK, 720pp.
Khamis, F. M., Masiga, D. K., Mohamed, S. A., Salifu, D., de Meyer, M., & Ekesi, S. (2012). Taxonomic identity of the invasive fruit fly pest Bactrocera invadens: concordance in morphometry and DNA barcoding. PLoS One, 7(9), 1-9.
Kobayashi, N., Tamura, K., Aoutsuka, T., & Katakura, H. (1998). Molecular phylogeny of twelve Asian species of Epilachnine ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinelliddae) with notes on the directions of host shifts. Zoological. Sciences, 15, 147-151.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547-1549.
Kumar, N. P., Rajavel, A. R., Natarajan, R., & Jambulingam, P. (2007). DNA barcodes can distinguish species of Indian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 44, 1-7.
Lane, R. P., & Crosskey, R. W. (1993). Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman and Hall, Springer-science+bussiness media, B. V., 723pp.
Mone, F. H; Hossain, S., Hasan, M. T., Tajkia, G., & Ahmed, F. (2019). Sustainable actions needed to mitigate dengue outbreak in Bangladesh. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(11), 1166-1167.
Muslim, A., Fong, M. Y., Mahmud, R., Lau, Y. L., & Sinnandurai, S. (2012). Armigeres subalbatus incriminated as a vector of zoonotic Brugia pahangi filariasis in suburban Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia. Parasite and Vectors, 6, 219.
Osorio, H. C., Ze-Ze, L., Amaro, F., & Alves, M. (2014). Mosquito Surveillance for Prevention and Control of Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Portugal-2008-2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11), 11583-11596.
Paul, K. K., Chowdhury, D. P., Haque, C. E., Al-Amin, H. M., Goswami, D. R., & Kafi, M. A. H. (2018). Risk factors for the presence of dengue vector mosquitoes, and determinants of their prevalence and larval site selection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0199457.
Powell, J. R., Soria, A. G., & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018). Recent History of Aedes aegypti: Vector Genomics and Epidemiology Records. Biosciences, 68(11), 854-860.
Rattanarithikul, R., Harrison, B. A., Panthusiri, P., Peyton, E. L., & Coleman, R. E. (2006). Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand III. Genera Aedeomyia, Ficalbia, Mimomyia, Hodgesia, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Uranotaenia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 37(1), 1-85.
Scott, T. W., & Takken, W. (2012). Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in increased risk of pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitology, 28, 114-121.
Simon, S., & Hadrys, H. (2013). A comparative analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes among Hexapoda. Molecular. Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69(2), 393-403.
Sirivanakarn, S. (1977). A revision of the subgenus Lophoceraomyia of the genus Culex in the Oriental region (Diptera: Culicidae). Contribution of American Entomology Institute, 13, 1-245.
Surendran, S. N., Sarma, D. K., Kemppainen, P., Jude, P. J., Kanthakumuran, N., Gajapathy, K., Peiris, L. B. S., Ramasamy, R., & Walton, C. (2013). Molecular characterization and identification of members of the Anopheles subpictus complex in Sri Lanka. Malaria Journal, 12, 304.
Suhasini, G., & Sammaiah, C. (2014). Diversity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in different habitats of Warangat urban environment. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 7-10.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30(12), 2725-2729.
Tandina, F., Doumbo, O., Yaro, A. S., Traoré Sékou, F. Parola, P., & Robert, V. (2018). Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasites and Vectors, 11: 467. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3045-8.
Ughasi, J., Bekard, H. E., Coulibaly, M., Gomez, D. A., Gyapong, J., Appawu, M., Wilson, M. D., & Boakye, D. A. (2012). Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are Vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Parasite and Vectors, 5, 89.
Wang, G., Li, C., Guo, X., Xing, D., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Zheng, Z., & Zhang, H. (2005). Identifying the main mosquito species in China based on DNA barcoding. PLoS ONE, 7, e47051.
Waterhouse, A. M., Procter, J. B., Martin, D. M. A., Clamp, M., & Barton, G. J. (2009) Jalview version 2 – a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench Bioinformatics. 1, 25(9), 1189-91. doi: 10.1093 /bioinformatics/btp033.
Weeraratne, T. C., Surendran, S. N. & Parakrama Karunaratne, S. H. P. (2018). DNA barcoding of morphologically characterized mosquitoes belonging to the subfamily Culinae from Sri Lanka. Parasites Vectors, 11, 266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2810-z.
Wolfe, M.S., & Aslam, K.M. (1971). Filariasis in East Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 63-69.